Antenna Radiation Mechanism - Isotropic radiator- Antenna parameters : Radiation Intensity, Radiation pattern, Gain and Directivity, FBR, Effective Length, Radiation Resistance, Antenna Impedance, Polarization, Beam width, Bandwidth, Antenna temperature- Friis transmission formula. Retarded Potential - Wire Antennas: Short Electric Dipole, Radiation from an alternating current element, Half - wave Dipole, Quarter wave monopole - Fields, Power radiated and Radiation Resistance.

Types of arrays - Broad side, End fire, Collinear, Parasitic arrays. -Arrays of two point sources – N element of uniform linear arrays – Array of N elements with equal spacing and currents equal in magnitude and spacing (broad side array)- Array of N elements with equal spacing and currents equal in magnitude but with progressive phase shift (end fire array)- Hansen-Woodyard array - Pattern Multiplication - Binomial arrays. Case study

Slot antenna-Relation between dipole and slot impedances, Horn antenna – Types, Log-Periodic Antennas for Wideband Communication, Parabolic reflector antennas and its feed systems, Microstrip antenna, Ultra-Wideband Antennas, Reconfigurable antenna. Case study: Smart Antennas

Factors involved in the propagation of Radio Waves. The ground wave, Ionosphere and its effects on radio waves. Mechanism of Ionospheric propagation. Refraction and Reflection of sky wave by the ionosphere, Ray paths, skip distance, Maximum usable frequency. Space wave propagation, Considerations in space wave propagation. Atmospheric effects in space wave propagation. Super Refraction - Duct Wave Propagation.

Antenna Measurement - Radiation Pattern, Gain, Directivity, Impedance, Beam width and Efficiency Measurements. Ionospheric measurements – Vertical incidence measurements of the ionosphere – Relation between oblique and vertical incidence transmission – System Issues – antenna noise, SNR, and link Budget