Introduction: Computer System Organization, Architecture, Operation, Process Management – Memory Management – Storage Management – Operating System – Process concept – Process scheduling – Operations on processes – Cooperating processes – Inter process communication – Threads: Multi-threading Models – Threading issues.

CPU Scheduling: Scheduling criteria – Scheduling algorithms – Multiple-processor scheduling. Process Synchronization: The critical-section problem – Synchronization hardware – Semaphores – Classical problems of synchronization. Deadlock: System model – Deadlock characterization – Methods for handling deadlocks – Deadlock prevention – Deadlock avoidance – Deadlock detection – Recovery from deadlock.

Memory Management: Background – Swapping – Contiguous memory allocation – Paging – Segmentation – Segmentation with paging. Virtual Memory: Background – Demand paging – Process creation – Page replacement – Allocation of frames – Thrashing.

File concept – Access methods – Directory structure – Files System Mounting – File Sharing – Protection. File System Implementation: Directory implementation – Allocation methods – Freespace management – Efficiency and Performance. Case study: File system in Linux.

I/O Systems – I/O Hardware – Application I/O interface – Kernel I/O subsystem – Streams – performance. Mass-Storage Structure: Disk scheduling – Disk management – Swap-space management – RAID – disk attachment – stable storage – teritiary storage. Case study: I/O in Linux. Case Study – Cryptography as an Operating System Service.