Structure of electric power systems - Single line diagram and per unit quantities - Synchronous machine modelling in power system - Transformer and transmission line modeling - Network matrix formulation using singular transformation- Concept of Y-bus and Z-bus formation

Importance of load flow studies and classifications - Gauss-Seidel method with acceleration factors - Newton-Raphson method for power flow analysis Case Study: Comparative analysis of load flow methods in IEEE bus systems Design Thinking: Selection of method based on system characteristics

Introduction to faults and fault types - Assumptions in fault analysis - Symmetrical (three-phase) fault analysis - Thevenin equivalent in faulted systems - Fault current calculations and post-fault voltage. Case Study: Impact of symmetrical faults in urban substations

Concept of symmetrical components- Sequence networks for generators, transformers, lines- L-G, L-L, LLG, LLLG fault analysis - Network interconnection for unbalanced faults. Design Thinking: System protection based on fault types

Power angle equation and swing equation - Equal area criterion and numerical methods -multi-machine stability and damping- Economic dispatch with/without losses - Unit commitment and constraints - Optimal power flow and smart grid overview. Case Study: Transient stability during major blackout