Signals and Noise in the Measurement, Characteristics of the Measurement System (Static & Dynamic), Determination of Absolute Quantity – Standards, Calibration, Accuracy and Error, Units of Measurement Quantities. Physiological parameter and its measurement constraints.
Resistive Strain Gauges and Bridge circuit. Piezoelectric Transducers, Potentiometric Transducers, Capacitive, Inductive, LVDT Transducers - Principle, Equivalent Circuit & Linearity Issues. Thermo Resistive - Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDS) & Thermistor. Thermo Electric - Thermocouple, PN Junction Diode.
Direct Pressure Measurement - Catheters and the Diaphragm type Pressure Sensor. Indirect Pressure Measurement by Doppler Ultrasound & Applanation Method. Blood Flow Measurements - Electromagnetic & Ultrasonic Blood Flow meters. Ground Force Measurements - strain gauge type force plate & Foot Force Distribution Measurements
Micro thermocouple and Fiber optic temperature probes. Infrared Radiation Thermometers, Heat Flow Sensors - principle of the Nernst effect. Humidity Sensors - Thermal Conductivity Cell & Electrohygrometer
Electrode - Electrolyte Interface, Double Layer. Surface Potential Electrodes - Ag - AgCl electrode, Needle and Wire Electrodes. Ion-selective electrode (ISE), Enzyme-Based Biosensors - glucose electrode. Transcutaneous monitoring of pO2, pCO2 and pH.
Reference Book:
Jacob Fraden, Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs and Applications, 5th ed. (2016). Richard N. Fogoros, Electrophysiologic Testing, Wiley, 7th ed. (2023). Deric P. Jones Kent, Biomedical Sensors, Momentum Press, 1st ed. (2010).
Text Book:
Tatsuo Togawa, Toshiyo Tamura, P. Ake Oberg, Biomedical Sensors and Instruments, CRC Press, 2nd ed. (2011). John G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Wiley, 5th ed. (2020).
