Aerofoil characteristics - Types of drag –Drag reduction of airplanes-Induced drag-Chord wise and span wise pressure distribution - Aspect ratio, Camber and plan form characteristics - Drag polar. Steady level flight - Thrust/power available and required with altitude - Estimation of Maximum level flight speed - Conditions for minimum drag and minimum power required.

Maximum range - Minimum rate of skin a glide - Shallow angle of climb - Rate of climb – Time to climb and ceiling - Glide hodograph - Bank angle and load factor - Limitations on turn - Pull up and push over - The v-ndiagram. Range and Endurance of airplanes - Estimation of take-off and landing.

Degree of freedom of rigid bodies in space – Static and dynamic stability –Longitudinal stability – Stick fixed stability – Basic equilibrium equation – Stability criterion – Effects of fuselage and nacelle -Influence of CG location – Power effects – Stick fixed neutral point – Stick free stability-Hinge moment coefficient – Stick free neutral points-Symmetric maneuvers – Stick force gradients – Stick force per g – Aerodynamic balancing.

Dihedral effect –Lateral Control – Aileron power – Coupling between rolling moment and yawing moment –Adverse yaw – Aileron reversal. Static directional stability rudder fixed – Weather cocking effect – Rudder requirements – One engine inoperative conditions – static free directional stability – Rudder lock.

Introduction to dynamic longitudinal stability: – Modes of stability, effect of freeing the stick – Brief description of lateral and directional. Dynamic stability – Spiral, divergence, Dutch roll, auto rotation and spin.