Structure and working of Solar Cells - Types, Electrical properties and Behaviour of Solar Cells – Cell properties and design - PV Cell Interconnection and Module Fabrication - Electrical characteristics of the solar cell - equivalent circuit - Effects of temperature, irradiation and series/shunt resistances on the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current - PV generators.

Schematics and Components - Balance of system components for DC and/or AC Applications - Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms - Interfacing PV modules to loads – Direct connection of loads to PV modules - Connection of PV modules to a battery and load together.

Schematics and Components - Balance of system Components - Interface Components – Net metering - Feasible operating region of inverter at different power factor - Active power filtering with real power injection.

Need for Hybrid Systems - Range and type of Hybrid systems - Case studies of Diesel-PV, Wind-PV, Microhydel-PV, Biomass-Diesel systems, Electric and hybrid electric vehicles - Comparison and selection criteria for a given application

Design of System Components for different PV Applications - Sizing and Reliability - Modeling and simulation of stand-alone and grid-connected PV systems – Case Studies