Introduction of Op-Amp - Internal circuit diagram of IC 741- Open and closed loop configurations, Ideal Op-Amp- Characteristics, DC characteristics, AC characteristics, frequency response of OP-AMP, Slew rate, Frequency Compensation, MOSFET and JFET Operational Amplifiers.

Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V Converters, Adder, Subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator. OPAMP using diodes: Precision rectifier, peak detector, clipper and clamper. Active Filters: Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass Filter, Band Reject Filters, Switched Capacitor Filter.

Comparator, Schmitt trigger, Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators, Triangular wave generator, IC Voltage regulators : Three terminal fixed and adjustable voltage regulators - IC 723 general purpose regulator , Low Drop – Out(LDO) Regulators, Timer IC 555-Astable and Monostable Operations.

Analog and Digital Data Conversions, A/D Converters – specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type - Single Slope type – Dual Slope type - Over-sampling A/D Converters, Sigma – Delta converters. D/A converter – specifications - weighted resistor type, R-2R Ladder type, switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold circuits.

Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell – Variable transconductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of the basic PLL, Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, Application of PLL.