Introduction - Computer System Organization, Architecture, Operation, Process Management – Memory Management – Storage Management – Operating System – Process concept – Process scheduling – Operations on processes – Cooperating processes – Inter process communication. Threads - Multi-threading Models – Threading issues.

CPU Scheduling - Scheduling criteria – Scheduling algorithms – Multiple-processor scheduling – Real time scheduling – Algorithm Evaluation.Process Synchronization - The critical-section problem – Synchronization hardware – Semaphores – Classical problems of synchronization. Deadlock - System model – Deadlock characterization – Methods for handling deadlocks – Deadlock prevention – Deadlock avoidance – Deadlock detection – Recovery from deadlock.

Memory Management - Background – Swapping – Contiguous memory allocation – Paging – Segmentation – Segmentation with paging. Virtual Memory - Background – Demand paging – Process creation – Page replacement – Allocation of frames – Thrashing.

File concept - Access methods – Directory structure – Files System Mounting – File Sharing – Protection. File System Implementation - Directory implementation – Allocation methods – Free-space management.

I/O Systems - I/O Hardware – Application I/O interface – Kernel I/O subsystem – Streams – Performance. Mass-Storage Structure: Disk scheduling – Disk management – Swap-space management – RAID – Disk attachment – Stable storage – Tertiary storage. Case study: Implementation of Distributed File system in Cloud OS / Mobile OS.