Evolution of cellular systems: 2G - 3G- 4G cellular networks- WLAN-PAN- Cellular concepts- Frequency reuse -Channel assignment- Handoff Strategies- Interference and system capacity, Trunking and Grade of Service, Improving Coverage and Capacity. Challenges of Wireless communication.

Free space propagation model, Three basic propagation mechanisms, Reflection-Two-Ray model, Diffraction – Knife-edge diffraction model, Scattering. Link budget design using path loss model- Log-normal shadowing. Small-scale multipath propagation- Parameters of mobile multipath channels- Types of small scale fading, Rayleigh and Rician distribution.

Cellular architecture: GSM- CDMA - GPRS-UMTS- 4G LTE-OFDM- case study. 5G Networks and Devices- 5G Requirements- M2M Communications.

Equalization : Types of equalization -Linear and Non-Linear equalization, Adaptive Equalization- LMS,RLS Diversity Techniques: Selection combining, EGC, MRC, Feedback ,Time, Frequency, RAKE Receiver.

Introduction to Short range communication, RFID, IrDA, NFC, GPS, Sigfox, NB-IoT, LoRA-WAN Protocol- Terminology, Classes of LoRA Devices, Frequency Bands, Addressing Schemes, Message/ Frame Formats, Case study, Introduction to Firmware over the Air (FOTA).