Overview of unit operations and their significance in food processing. Conservation of mass and energy principles. Dimensions, units, and dimensional analysis. Material and energy balances in food processing systems. Fluid Flow theory - Bernoulli’s Equation. Lab Experiments: 1. Experiment on material balance on a Simple Drying Operation

Size reduction: Principles, Rittinger's, Bond's and Kick's laws for crushing, equipments - crushers, grinding mill, pulverizes, milling / attrition mills, cutting machines. Mixing: Types of mixers for dry, wet and gas, Kneading and agitation. Mechanical separations: Filtration, sedimentation, centrifugation, cyclone separation and sieving. Lab Experiments: 1. Determination of particle size of granular foods by sieve analysis. 2. Experiment on analysis of particle size distribution using hammer mill, pin mill and ball mill. 3. Efficiency of separation using centrifuge

Heat transfer mechanisms: Conduction, convection, and radiation. Types, Design and operation of heat exchangers in food processing. Evaporation: Principles of evaporation, Types - single and multiple effect evaporators, Natural and Forced circulation evaporators, Fouling of evaporators and heat exchangers Lab Experiments: 1. Study on performance evaluation of single effect evaporator. 2. Experiment on the effect of temperature, surface area, and airflow in the rate of evaporation

Distillation: Principles, types and applications. Extraction: Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques and equipment. Drying: Mechanisms, drying curves, and types of dryers used in the food industry Lab Experiments: 1. Determination of rate of extraction of oil from using soxhlet apparatus. 2. Experiment on drying characteristics of grains using tray dryer

Membrane separation processes: Microfiltration, ultra-filtration, nano-filtration, and reverse osmosis. Crystallization: Principles, nucleation, crystal growth, and industrial crystallizers. Adsorption and ion exchange: Fundamentals and applications in food processing. Lab Experiments: 1. Study on leaf filter equipment 2. Visit a sugar industry and share your insight