Introduction –History of Surveying - Principles and basic concepts and uses of surveying -Types, branches, and methods of surveying- Process of Survey - Units of Measurement- Responsibilities, Role and task of a surveyor- Responsibilities, Role and task of a survey assistant, Survey control stations – Definition, protection measures, Ranging - Direct and Indirect methods

Introduction – Principles of chain surveying –Instruments involved in chain surveying, Types of chain, Selection of survey stations and lines - Offsets - types, Measurement - cross-staff and optical square - Steps involved in Chain Survey - Reconnaissance, Index sketch, Reference sketch, Booking entries in field book - Testing of Chain, Degree of accuracy in chaining, Errors and compensation - cumulative, mistakes

Linear Measurement - Types– Traditional Distance measurement, Equipment for traditional methods - Electronic Distance measurement- Principle of EDM operation – Errors affecting EDM Operation - classification of EDM instruments – Formulae for calculation of area, Mid-Ordinate rule, Average ordinate rule, Trapezoidal rules, Simpson rule -Computation of volume.

Basic terminologies of Compass traversing, Geographic/True Magnetic and Arbitrary Meridians and Bearings, Meridian and Bearing – Whole Circle Bearing System and Reduced Bearing System- Numerical on converting given bearing to another bearing (from one form to another), Fore Bearing and Back Bearing - Calculation of internal and external angles from bearings at a station – Types of compass, Prismatic and Surveyors Compass - Checking the accuracy of the traverse - Errors and mistakes in Compass survey.

Levelling - definition, terminologies- Different types of levels - Dumpy, Auto level, Digital level, Fundamental axis of Dumpy Level. Temporary adjustments of Level - Types of Levelling Staffs: Self-reading staff and Target staff - Basic principles of leveling - Theory of simple, compound, cross sectional and reciprocal levelling - Reduced level by Plane of collimation method and Rise/ Fall Method- Numerical Problems